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Energy includes companies involved in the exploration and development of oil or gas reserves, drilling and refining, and integrated power companies working on renewable energy and coal. This industry locates energy resources, transforms them, and finally deals with the production and sale of energy. Access to affordable energy is fundamental for human development and economic growth, because without power or electricity, human opportunities are significantly limited.

The history of human culture can be seen as the gradual development of new sources of energy. The evolution of the energy industry has brought about unprecedented transformations in society. It is through the availability of energy sources that humans have been able to increase their comfort, longevity and wealth, as well as their population apart from growth. Each energy alternative also impacted different combinations of economic, political, technological, social and environmental attributes.

Energy is essential to life and the key to human progress. Energy is the common link between the living and non-living realms of the universe, and thus provides an organized intellectual theme for various disciplines. Energy growth is directly linked to well-being and prosperity around the world. Meeting the growing demand for energy in a safe and environmentally friendly way is a major challenge.

The energy industry is going through the greatest transformation in history. The impact of energy production and consumption on the environment is varied and mankind has begun to understand the importance of improving energy efficiency and ensuring energy security for all. The current trend is to explore sustainable energy options that can provide electricity for future generations.

This is the traditional industry based on the collection and distribution of firewood, the use of which for cooking and heating is particularly common in the poorest countries. People have needed energy in one form or another for their daily lives for hundreds of years. Early man (about 1 million years BC) used fire to cook food and during the period of human development. The energy industry was probably born when our ancestors first discovered that they could heat themselves and cook food on fire.

These industries include petroleum industries (oil companies, oil refiners, transportation of fuel, and sales to end users at gas stations), coal industries (extraction and processing), and natural gas industries (extraction of natural gas and manufacture of coal gas, as well as distribution and sales). Most of the energy we use today comes from coal and oil. We also have nuclear power plants. But these energy sources are limited because only finite amounts of coal; oil and gas exist underground or in the oceans.

The modern electric power industry covers the generation, transmission, distribution and sale of electricity to the general public and to industry. Commercial distribution of electrical power began in 1882 when electricity was generated for electric lighting. In the 1880s and 1890s, growing economic and safety concerns led to regulation of the industry. What was once an expensive novelty limited to the most densely populated areas, reliable and economical electrical power has become an essential aspect for the normal functioning of all elements of developed culture!

Nuclear energy is the use of sustained nuclear fission to produce heat and electricity. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world’s energy and 13-14% of the world’s electricity, with the United States, France and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear-generated electricity. In 2007, the IAEA reported that there were 439 active nuclear reactors worldwide, operating in 31 countries.